Introduction
Portugal is often associated with scenic coastal towns, mouth-watering pastries, and golden beaches. But behind its tourist-friendly façade lies a rich tapestry of history, culture, and quirky facts that many travelers overlook. Whether you’re planning your first visit or have already strolled the cobbled streets of Lisbon, there’s always something new to learn about this Iberian gem. From unusual traditions to groundbreaking achievements, here are six captivating facts about Portugal that will surprise you.
Fact 1: Portugal Is Home to the Oldest Bookstore in the World
A Literary Legacy
Nestled in the heart of Lisbon, Bertrand Bookstore has the distinct honor of being the oldest operating bookstore in the world. Founded in 1732, it has withstood earthquakes, revolutions, and political shifts, quietly becoming a cornerstone of Portugal’s cultural landscape. The Guinness World Records officially recognized Bertrand in 2011, cementing its legendary status.
Why It Matters
The bookstore isn’t just a relic; it’s a functioning space that still sells books and hosts literary events. Walking into Bertrand is like stepping into a different era, where the smell of old paper and the whispers of literary giants linger in the air. Its endurance highlights Portugal’s deep respect for knowledge, storytelling, and the written word.
A Must-Visit for Book Lovers
Whether you’re a history enthusiast or a casual reader, visiting Bertrand offers a unique experience. Each room feels like a quiet conversation between centuries, and the cozy ambiance invites hours of exploration. You might even leave with a classic Portuguese novel to remember the visit by.
Fact 2: Portugal Decriminalized All Drugs in 2001 — and It Worked
A Bold Policy Experiment
Portugal shocked the world in 2001 by becoming the first country to decriminalize the possession and use of all drugs, including heroin and cocaine. Instead of treating drug users as criminals, the country shifted its approach to one of health and rehabilitation. Those found in possession of small quantities are referred to a “Dissuasion Commission” rather than being imprisoned.
The Results Speak Volumes
Contrary to the fears of a potential spike in drug use, Portugal saw a dramatic decrease in drug-related deaths and HIV infection rates. The country also observed a decline in overall drug consumption among young people. Public health improved, and the stigma surrounding addiction began to fade.
A Global Model
Today, Portugal’s approach is studied worldwide as a pioneering public health policy. While not without its challenges, the system has shown how compassion and science can lead to more effective solutions than punishment and incarceration.
Fact 3: Portugal Once Owned Half the World
A Maritime Empire
In the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal was a global superpower. Thanks to explorers like Vasco da Gama and Ferdinand Magellan, the Portuguese Empire stretched across continents. From Brazil to parts of Africa, India, and even China (Macau), Portuguese influence was vast and profound.
The Treaty of Tordesillas
This global reach was formalized by the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494, an agreement between Portugal and Spain that divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe. Essentially, the Pope drew a line through the Atlantic Ocean, giving Portugal one half of the world to colonize.
Legacy of Exploration
Though the empire eventually declined, the cultural footprints remain. Portuguese is still the official language of Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, East Timor, and São Tomé and Príncipe. The navigational prowess of the Portuguese shaped modern geography and trade routes for centuries.
Fact 4: The Portuguese Cork Industry Leads the World
A Natural Powerhouse
Portugal produces around 50% of the world’s cork supply. The country’s vast cork oak forests, especially in the Alentejo region, support a thriving industry that is both eco-friendly and economically significant. Cork is harvested from the bark of the tree without cutting it down, making it a sustainable resource.
Beyond Wine Bottles
While most people associate cork with wine stoppers, its uses are incredibly diverse. Cork is employed in fashion, flooring, insulation, aerospace engineering, and even space missions. NASA uses cork as a thermal insulator on its rockets due to its heat-resistant properties.
Visiting a Cork Farm
For travelers interested in sustainable tourism, visiting a cork plantation can be a fascinating detour. Many farms offer tours where you can see the harvesting process, learn about cork’s life cycle, and even buy cork-based souvenirs—from wallets to shoes.
Fact 5: Portugal Is One of Europe’s Oldest Nations
A Longstanding Sovereignty
Portugal became an independent kingdom in 1143 and established its current borders in 1297—making it one of the oldest nations in Europe with relatively unchanged boundaries. Unlike many European countries that have seen frequent territorial changes due to wars and treaties, Portugal has remained remarkably consistent.
Lisbon’s Role in History
Lisbon predates other European capitals like London, Paris, and Rome in terms of long-term inhabitation. It has been settled since the Neolithic period and later became a vital outpost for the Phoenicians, Romans, and Moors before the Portuguese finally took control.
Monarchy to Republic
Portugal was a monarchy until 1910, when a peaceful revolution led to the establishment of the Portuguese First Republic. The country later endured a lengthy dictatorship before transitioning to a democratic government following the peaceful Carnation Revolution in 1974.
Fact 6: Portugal Has the Longest Bridge in Europe
A Marvel of Modern Engineering
The Vasco da Gama Bridge in Lisbon holds the title of the longest bridge in Europe. Spanning 17.2 kilometers (about 10.7 miles), it crosses the Tagus River and was inaugurated in 1998 to ease congestion in the capital during the Expo 98 world fair.
Designed to Last
The bridge was constructed with durability in mind and can withstand earthquakes much stronger than the ones that devastated Lisbon in 1755. It also takes into account the effects of tidal shifts, wind forces, and climate variations, making it a modern engineering marvel.
A Scenic Drive
Crossing the Vasco da Gama Bridge offers panoramic views of the Tagus River, the skyline of Lisbon, and the surrounding wetlands. Whether you drive over it or see it from afar, the bridge is a testament to Portugal’s blend of history and innovation.
Bonus Tidbits: Even More Surprising Facts
Portugal Is the World’s Largest Producer of Eucalyptus Trees
Eucalyptus might not be native to Portugal, but the tree has become one of its most prevalent species due to fast growth and high demand for pulp and paper production. However, this has sparked environmental debates due to its impact on biodiversity and forest fires.
The Portuguese Have a Deep Love for Tiles
Azulejos, the iconic ceramic tiles seen on Portuguese buildings, are more than decoration—they’re storytelling devices. These tiles often depict scenes from history, religion, and everyday life. Lisbon and Porto, in particular, are bursting with color thanks to these detailed tileworks.
The Country Has a “Ghost Town” That’s Still Popular
Sortelha, a beautifully preserved medieval village, has been described as a “ghost town” because so few people live there. However, it draws tourists year-round who come to admire its stone houses, castle ruins, and cobbled streets that look frozen in time.
Why These Facts Matter
A Deeper Appreciation
Understanding these lesser-known aspects of Portugal allows for a richer travel experience. It’s not just about eating pastéis de nata or taking tram rides in Lisbon—it’s about discovering how this small nation has shaped the world and continues to lead in innovation and culture.
Inspiring Responsible Tourism
Knowing about Portugal’s approach to drug policy, sustainability in the cork industry, and historical preservation encourages visitors to travel with more awareness and respect. It’s a reminder that tourism can be both enjoyable and educational.
Encouraging Exploration
These facts show that even the most visited destinations have hidden layers waiting to be uncovered. If Portugal wasn’t already on your travel bucket list, perhaps it deserves a second look—one that goes beyond the postcards and into the heart of the country’s identity.
Final Thoughts
Portugal is full of surprises. From ancient bookstores to futuristic bridges, its landscape tells stories that span centuries. Whether you’re drawn to its history, natural beauty, or progressive policies, there’s always more to explore. The next time you wander through a quiet village or a bustling city square, remember that you’re standing on land that has quietly shaped and influenced the world in ways most people never realize. And with every new fact, your connection to this fascinating country only deepens.
So pack your bags, bring your curiosity, and prepare to uncover the many sides of Portugal—one surprising fact at a time.
